Types of Chemical Bonds in Proteins

Types of Chemical Bonds in Proteins Proteins are biological polymers constructed from amino acids joined together to form peptides. These peptide subunits may bond with other peptides to form more complex structures.  Multiple types of chemical bonds hold proteins together and bind them to other molecules. Take a closer look at the chemical bonds responsible for protein structure. Peptide Bonds The primary structure of a protein consists of amino acids chained to each other. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. A peptide bond is a type of covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.  Amino acids themselves are made of atoms joined together by covalent bonds. Hydrogen Bonds The secondary structure describes the three-dimensional folding or coiling of a chain of amino acids (e.g., beta-pleated sheet, alpha helix). This three-dimensional shape is held in place by hydrogen bonds. A hydrogen bond is a dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen or oxygen.  A single polypeptide chain may contain multiple alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet regions. Each alpha-helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the amine and carbonyl groups on the same polypeptide chain. The beta-pleated sheet is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amine groups of one polypeptide  chain and  carbonyl groups on a second adjacent chain. Hydrogen Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Disulfide Bridges While secondary structure describes the shape of chains of amino acids in space, tertiary structure is the overall shape assumed by the entire molecule, which may contain  regions of both sheets and coils. If a protein consists of one polypeptide chain, a tertiary structure is the highest level of structure.  Hydrogen bonding affects the tertiary structure of a protein. Also, the R-group of each amino acid may be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions Some proteins are made of subunits in which protein molecules bond together to form a larger unit. An example of such a protein is hemoglobin. Quaternary structure describes how the subunits fit together to form the larger molecule.

Metamorphic Facies Defined and Explained

Metamorphic Facies Defined and Explained As metamorphic rocks change under heat and pressure, their ingredients recombine into new minerals that are suited to the conditions. The concept of metamorphic facies is a systematic way to look at the mineral assemblages in rocks and determine a potential range of pressure and temperature (P/T) conditions that were present when they formed.   It should be noted that metamorphic facies are different than sedimentary facies, which include the environmental conditions present during deposition. Sedimentary facies can be further divided into lithofacies, which focus on a rocks physical characteristics, and biofacies, which focus on the paleontological attributes (fossils).   Seven MetamorphicFacies There are seven widely recognized metamorphic facies, ranging from the zeolite facies at low P and T to eclogite at very high P and T. Geologists determine a facies in the lab after examining many specimens under the microscope and doing bulk chemistry analyses. Metamorphic facies is not obvious in a given field specimen. To sum up, a metamorphic facies is the set of minerals found in a rock of a given composition. That mineral suite is taken as a sign of the pressure and temperature that made it. Here are the typical minerals in rocks that are derived from sediments. That is, these will be found in slate, schist and gneiss. The minerals shown in parentheses are optional and dont always appear, but they can be essential for identifying a facies. Zeolite facies: illite/phengite chlorite quartz (kaolinite, paragonite)Prehnite-pumpellyite facies: phengite chlorite quartz (pyrophyllite, paragonite, alkali feldspar, stilpnomelane, lawsonite)Greenschist facies: muscovite chlorite quartz (biotite, alkali feldspar, chloritoid, paragonite, albite, spessartine)Amphibolite facies: muscovite biotite quartz (garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, cordierite, chlorite, plagioclase, alkali feldspar)Granulite facies: alkali feldspar plagioclase sillimanite quartz (biotite, garnet, kyanite, cordierite, orthopyroxene, spinel, corundum, sapphirine)Blueschist facies: phengite chlorite quartz (albite, jadeite, lawsonite, garnet, chloritoid, paragonite)Eclogite facies: phengite garnet quartz Mafic rocks (basalt, gabbro, diorite, tonalite etc.) yield a different set of minerals at the same P/T conditions, as follows: Zeolite facies: zeolite chlorite albite quartz (prehnite, analcime, pumpellyite)Prehnite-pumpellyite facies: prehnite pumpellyite chlorite albite quartz (actinolite, stilpnomelane, lawsonite)Greenschist facies: chlorite epidote albite (actinolite, biotite)Amphibolite facies: plagioclase hornblende (epidote, garnet, orthoamphibole, cummingtonite)Granulite facies: orthopyroxene plagioclase (clinopyroxene, hornblende, garnet)Blueschist facies: glaucophane/crossite lawsonite/epidote (pumpellyite, chlorite, garnet, albite, aragonite, phengite, chloritoid, paragonite)Eclogite facies: omphacite garnet rutile Ultramafic rocks (pyroxenite, peridotite etc.) have their own version of these facies: Zeolite facies: lizardite/chrysotile brucite magnetite (chlorite, carbonate)Prehnite-pumpellyite facies: lizardite/chrysotile brucite magnetite (antigorite, chlorite, carbonate, talc, diopside)Greenschist facies: antigorite diopside magnetite (chlorite, brucite, olivine, talc, carbonate)Amphibolite facies: olivine tremolite (antigorite, talc, anthopyllite, cummingtonite, enstatite)Granulite facies: olivine diopside enstatite (spinel, plagioclase)Blueschist facies: antigorite olivine magnetite (chlorite, brucite, talc, diopside)Eclogite facies: olivine Pronunciation: metamorphic FAY-sees or FAY-shees Also Known As: metamorphic grade (partial synonym)

Introduction to Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Introduction to Business - Essay Example The safest way that a bank can safeguard my money is through insurance. What more can banks do to further ensure this is true? Effective banks with strategies of safeguarding depositors’ money should take covers against losses from insurance companies with good reputation, good history, and strong financial base. The insuring company should have been in the insurance industry for a considerably long period of time to have proven its competence. According my job, I am planning to retire at the age of 60 years. I will be no longer productive in my profession hence it will be time to rest and enjoy the fruits of my hard labor. I want to serve my people in the best way I can in order to build a base for prosperity for the future generation. Steps I have taken? I am working hard to ensure that all my children will be through with their education and living a better life before my retirement. What more do I need to be doing now to make sure it happens? I need to invest in profitable business opportunities. I am directing a good portion of my income to educating my children as well as in ventures which have promising returns by the time I retire. I am also saving part of my income in credible banking institutions. I have also engaged my income into a good life insurance scheme to cater for my old age at that time as well as my family while I am

Make a Case to Legalize Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Make a Case to Legalize Marijuana - Essay Example In 1970, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act placed marijuana in Schedule I with heroin, mescaline, and LSD, perceiving the drug as low medical utility while highly liable for abuse, consequently rendering it unavailable for medical use. Despite this classification, the federal government permitted its use for a few patients as part of a compassionate use program. By the early 1990s, increasing numbers of people with AIDs applied for the compassionate use program for relief from nausea and loss of appetite. In 1992 the Department of Health and Human Services officially terminated the program. Opposing federal legislation, nearly half the states as initiated by California and Arizona legalized the medicinal use of the drug by the end of 1996. Although the â€Å"possession of cannabis , even for medical purposes, remains a federal offense† (Earleywine 169), its rates of use for medicine continues to be high. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to p ersuade the reader on the necessity for legalizing marijuana. The exploitation of drug cartels, the medicinal and economic benefits, and the requirement for responsible usage will be examined. Legalizing Marijuana: Elimination of Drug Cartels and its Black Market If marijuana prohibition ended, the black market in the drug would disappear to a great extent. Better and safer marijuana would be available to buyers, who will not be required to come into contact with criminals or hard drug users. Thus, â€Å"legalization would save society billions of dollars now spent on pursuing users, and a legal marijuana industry could bring in billions more in revenue† (Ruschmann 87). Further, the government would still be able to punish abusers of the drug, and educate the public about using marijuana responsibly. Moreover, businesses and schools could discourage the use of the drug and prohibit its use in their domains. Legalizing Marijuana does not Result in its Increased Use Other count ries have not experienced serious problems as a result of relaxing marijuana laws. For example, in Australia with tough mariguana laws, decriminalizing the usage of the drug in three states resulted in its increased use in all regions including jurisdictions with a total prohibition approach to cannabis, with the largest increase in Tasmania, a prohibitionist state. The Swiss government, as well as the Canadian Senate Committee have found that based on scientific studies there was no relationship between the harshness of marijuana laws and the percentage of people who use the drug. Similarly, in the United States itself, with the decriminalization of marijuana in some states for more than twenty years, the Connecticut Law Revision Commission found that â€Å"larger increases in marijuana use occurred in states that did not decriminalize than those that did† (Ruschmann 85). Further, although in the United States and Canada there are very restrictive laws on the use of the drug , it is used more extensively than in Belgium, Germany and Spain with highly liberal laws. Additionally, there was no consequent increase in hard drug use caused by the liberal policies of Spain, Italy and Portugal or from over thirty years’ experience of relaxed marijuana laws in the Netherlands (Ruschmann 85). Moreover, in Canada despite the increasing numbers of cannabis users, there has not been a proportionate increase in the users of hard drugs. The

Jane Eyre in the Opening 3 Chapters Essay Example for Free

Jane Eyre in the Opening 3 Chapters Essay Charlotte Bronte is the author of the novel Jane Eyre about an orphaned girl struggling throughout the novel to achieve equality and to overcome oppression. In the opening 3 chapters, Bronte emphasizes Jane’s loneliness, lack of familial affection and emphasizes her sensitive nature and inner strength. As we witness Jane being punished and neglected at the hands of her unfeeling aunts and left feeling isolated and out of place in her society. Firstly, we are introduced to Jane, hiding reading a book. This establishes her odd and lonely place at Gateshead hall. As not only is she separated from the rest of the reed family but Bronte explains that she is ‘happy’ and ‘feared nothing except interruption’. To feel safe and content only from being excluded from her family signifies jane’s neglected and troubled childhood. This is indicated as a child should want to be surrounded by family and love. for Jane to be living in ‘despair’ by the sense of this seclusion to be ‘obstructed’ implies her inner strength of independence as she’s willing to find a book and read educating herself instead of moping and giving up. And she’s joyful when emphasises her independence and drive to find a book and read rather than mope. ane sitting and reading by herself, not allowed to play with her cousins, establishes her odd and lonely position at Gateshead Hall. Yet her willingness to find a book to read, rather than just moping, establishes her independence.

Hackers and the Internet :: Cyberspace Essays

Hackers and the Internet Internet Security covers a broad list of topics. I have chosen to cover hackers and their history. I will go through who hackers are and how we define hackers. I will also cover the history of how hackers got started. This was a very interesting topic and may surprise a lot of people who have had misconceptions of what hackers do due to how the are covered by the media. In the 1960’s at MIT a group of curious students, members of the Tech Model Railroad Club, decided to hack into the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. At this time hackers were encouraged to explore and were not considered malicious like the hackers the media portrays today. These groups of students were allowed access to the MIT AI Lab by the lab’s director Marvin Minsky. In the 1970’s a trend started with phone hacking. Phreaks exploit phone systems to make free long distance calls. One famous phreak is John Draper, also known as â€Å"Captain Crunch†, made long distance calls for free by blowing a certain tone in a telephone. This tone opened a line on the phone system and he was able to make long distance calls for free. Two names that everyone is familiar with are Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak; these two gentlemen founded Apple Computer. However, what a lot of people did not know is that they were members of Homebrew Computer Club. While being members of this club they began making â€Å"blue boxes†, which are devices used to help phreaks access phone systems. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had handles that they were known by and they were â€Å"Berkley Blue† and â€Å"Oak Toebark†. By the late 1980’s computer hacking had grown so much that a magazine was formed called 2600: The Hacker Quarterly. This magazine shares tips on phone and computer hacking. The government responds to this growth by passing the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and forming the Computer Emergency Response Team. This gives the government more authority in tracking wily hackers. This about the same time that the Media did a lot of coverage on Kevin Mitnik, a well known computer hacker who was convicted of stealing software and was sentenced to one year in prison. By the 1990 the instances were computers were hacked grew exponentially.

Data Processing

Prior to our procedure, we measured the temperatures of each pond area. We used the low-temperature climate (bird inaccuracy pond) to compare to the higher-temperature climate (Lake Calhoun holding pond and Lake Harriet duck area. After completing our experiment by surveying various sections of each three experimental sites, we gathered our information using a stream study. We surveyed the areas four different times for maximum proficiency. After recording each sample study four times for each area, we added up their water quality rating total index count and divided it by four, generating an average for our results. Conclusion Our groups question was: How does temperature change have an affect on the water quality of aquatic macro invertebrates?After concluding our stream study, our group was able to determine that as temperature increased, the water quality index for aquatic macro invertebrates decreased. With the results that the stream study gave us, we were able to conclude that the area with the lowest temperature of 22 degrees Celsius (bird sanctuary) had an excellent quality rating of over 22. The Lake Calhoun holding pond (24 degrees Celsius) had a water quality rating of six, which fell under poor quality.As for the Lake Harriet Duck Area, we were able to generate a good quality rating of 22. Thus concluding that as the temperature increased, the water quality index decreased. We believe that as temperature is higher, the pond areas are more accessible by other animals/humans, creating the water quality to be less. Some limitations we occurred during our experiment were assuring from three different environments so the surrounding environments could have had an effect on the water quality rating.For example, the bird sanctuary pond is not accessible by people for recreational use, whereas both lake Harriet and lake Calhoun allow recreational use. This could have altered the results of our experiment. Another reason that our data could have been skewed was because recently Lake Calhoun had experienced an E-Coli problem, which is a reason the water quality was so low.

Expectations

Finally, the blade deepens and hits just right, the scar of what the doubtful and painful knife has left me insecure and filled with emptiness. The sparks of love I had was weak and burning low, it soon became a weapon that only caused me harm. This body soon became an empty vessel searching for a purpose in this constant non-fiction world. Tick tock, tick tock, the clock goes, teachers writing riddles on the board, speaking of a foreign language that I cannot comprehend. Various noises filled the classroom, speaking of gibberish as I sit in this isolated bubble of my own. Surviving in this vessel, searching for a purpose- no, but rather waiting to be re-wired and commanded day by day. I love the languages subjects so I am pretty good at it, but I hate maths and sciences, hence I am bad at it. With no further comments I scanned through the whiteboard, but everyday I worry on how people kept instructing me how to grow as a person; giving me options on what's right and wrong, but in the end, the things that I will choose will forever be false.Everyday, I noticed to have a work that is always incomplete; I stare at the blank piece of paper reflecting about my life. With not much personality as an individual, hence I do not find it as an inconvenience to survive in this school. As time continued to pass by, I realized that I'm currently stuck in a never ending cycle of hypnotism, staggering through the same hallways each day, and soon it feels as though everything is on repeat. In class again, questions and answers that are not even needed in my daily life, being drilled into my mind, as I flipped through the textbook, which contains no specific answer. â€Å"How are your grades?† you asked with a smile.I shrugged, â€Å"The same, I guess.†Piercing me with your eyes, reminding me of the â€Å"future† I will soon have. If my tears were colours, then my pillow would be painted with rainbows. Thus in the morning, I would wake up with dark rings around my eyes, taunting me every time I look at myreflection. I would try and cover it up so that they would be a shade lighter, but I know they can never completely disappear. Staggering through the same hallways, towards an empty seat, one far from the sunlight, but rays still reached, blinded me and left me a daze, as if it is trying to question me; â€Å"What were you expecting in life?† â€Å"What are your dreams?†Searching frantically for an answer in that textbook, I can't breathe, I'm choking and it hurts. The stares that they give, beating down my confidence and pride all over again, I tried to find an answer, but its all the same; still an empty white paper, reflecting about my accomplishment in life. â€Å"I can do this†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I keep repeating those words in my mind, as I stare at that incomplete work, reminding me about â€Å"responsibilities†, â€Å"success†, â€Å"achievements†, â€Å"grades†, and so on, and every time I climb back up, your words kept knocking down my stance, chaining me down, to expectations, that I cannot achieve. Expectations and dreams, which are so heavy chaining me, more than gravity ever will. â€Å"I've tried†¦I'm tired†¦It hurts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ When will you ever grow up?† But let me ask, what is the meaning of â€Å"growing up† in the first place? If this is what's it feels like, then I just want to stop. The path they build for me is dictated to be perfect and filled with beautiful lies. Feeding me with expectations, rewiring my senses, choking me with perfection. I cannot breathe, I feel nauseous. My body cannot sustain it. Staggering to a mirror, I see the rings under my eyes, as a constant reminder the about those disappointing glares I noticed:†Ah†¦ they are getting darker.†

United States in the 1780s essays

United States in the 1780's essays 1780's America was a country at the close of the war. A war that was not so much won by America's revolutionaries as simply given up by the British. The country consisted of a patchwork of states geld loosely by a common bond (their fight for independence) whose threads quickly unraveled as each state was faced with the heavy burden of repaying its depts and one government was left with the task of governing a nation. One major problem for the government was how to allow personal freedom and liberty without falling into a state of anarchy; and another was how to create laws that help govern and protect its people without becoming another monarchy. It was during this time that great men lived. They were industrious men who helped shape the country each leading the way to financial independence, westward expansion, and a strong government whose model still exists today. ...

5 Inspirational Books for Teen Writers

5 Inspirational Books for Teen Writers 5 Inspirational Books for Teen Writers 5 Inspirational Books for Teen Writers By Mark Nichol A site visitor requested from me a roster of books that teenagers should read before they graduate from high school. However, I never strove to work my way through the literary classics (whatever they are), so any list I compile may seem deficient to those who believe that doing so will prepare young people to be great writers. The truth is, any compilation will be of some value, especially if the collection consists of stories that speak to the adolescent’s hopes and fears about entering the adult realm. What I offer here is a selection from the books I have read mostly since graduating from high school, because I was not a flashlight-under-the-covers bookworm (until later, that is) that I found memorable because of their emotional resonance. Each one of these stories is also distinguished by a distinctive style prospective young novelists should not seek to imitate but will be inspired by. (One more thing: You’re never too old to read or find inspiration in any of these books.) 1. His Dark Materials Perhaps better known by the titles of its constituent parts The Golden Compass (originally published in the United Kingdom as The Northern Lights), The Subtle Knife, and The Amber Spyglass, Philip Pullman’s complex fantasy trilogy pits a plucky young girl and her allies against sinister forces fomenting conflict around the discovery of a mysterious substance known as Dust. These remarkably imaginative and inventive stories have been criticized for their antireligious sentiments, but they should be applauded for their championing of intellectual liberty. They also eloquently demonstrate that world-building doesn’t require science fiction hardware, or heroic-fantasy trappings such as multitudinous races and creatures. The quest, the talisman, the helpers all the fantasy tropes are here, but in original guises. 2. The House of the Scorpion Nancy Farmer writes young-adult fiction that not-so-young adults will find challenging, too. In this story set in the near future, a boy growing up in a sovereign opium-growing state carved out of land formerly belonging to United States and Mexico learns the unsettling truth about his identity and sets out defy the dictates of others and control his own destiny. The House of the Scorpion deals with mature themes without being graphic or grim, but it’s laden with dark thoughts and deeds. It also demonstrates how a young protagonist can realistically navigate the grown-up world. 3. I, Claudius This faux autobiography of the titular Roman emperor by the late British novelist and poet Robert Graves has a fascinating premise: Although Claudius is physically disabled, he is highly intelligent and savvy enough to play the fool to survive perilous palace intrigue. The story of a life spent negotiating a treacherous world is heartbreaking and masterfully narrated. It’s a sophisticated tale, but one accessible to younger readers and engrossing as the protagonist strives to avoid dangerous confrontations and deadly plots. 4. The Shadow of the Wind Spanish writer Carlos Ruiz Gafon’s gothic melodrama is the saddest story I have ever read a perfect package of romantic angst for hormone-addled adolescents. The story, masterfully translated by Lucia Graves (daughter of esteemed British author Robert Graves), follows a young bibliophile who becomes enmeshed in an ongoing tragedy involving a failed writer. Saturated with a brooding atmosphere, The Shadow of the Wind is a triumph of style laid over a bedrock of substance. 5. Watership Down In this novel, British novelist and poet Richard Adams creates a modern but timeless myth. Employing anthropomorphized but generally naturally behaving rabbits as protagonists, he sends a band of wanderers off from their doomed dwelling place to seek a new home. Along the way, they face perils from predators and fellow lagomorphs (the latter providing fodder for subtle political allegory) while occasionally stopping to hear their resident storyteller regale them with tales about a legendary trickster hero named El-ahrairah. Adams deftly manages to produce a Homeric epic in which familiar animals substitute for humans without compromising the dignity the characters must possess to appeal to discerning readers. The neat invention of a mischievous, resourceful god for a culture whose members are beset by countless types of predators (El-ahrairah means â€Å"Prince with a Thousand Enemies†) is a masterstroke that serves as an inspiration to writers who wish to incorporate an internal mythology to their story’s milieu. Make sure to check 20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting as well, which is a list we published a while ago. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartThe Six Spellings of "Long E"20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Mid-term Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mid-term - Assignment Example speed, he uses his mind to trick the tiger with a glass ball, which the tiger after seeing its image on the mirror believes it is the cub and even cuddles it, allowing the hunter to escape with the real cub (White 7). a. Portals with subtle and twisted columns that seem to be strained by the weight. The portals have been criticized that they might give in to the heavy weight that they support though they have stood the test of time. The Donation of Constantine is the interpretation of the Holy Trinity. The holy trinity refers to three God in one, described as the father, the son and the Holy Spirit. It was important in the Middle Ages since it helped to explain the development of the Roman faith. It explains the shift from the period of worshipping idols to the realization of the modern faith. Sylvester, the universal pontiff, has helped in spreading the modern gospel. Sylvester changed the perception that the author had about the gods Peter and Paul, and told them that they were apostles (Halsall 1). The theme of this passage is love. It clearly brings out the various aspects of two people who love and treasure each other. The lady confesses that his only fear is losing him. The man who is the king treats the beautiful creature like a marvel of nature which he had never seen before. He orders that the creature should be fed well and given drink. Every other man admires the beautiful creature who is depicted by the king as a very special one. The theme of love is cemented by the statement that the couple would always visit places together, and none of them would allow to be separated from the other. The passage relates to the course in that it contributes to the effectiveness of use of figurative language, commonly used during the medieval period. The passage was written by Marie de France and translated by Judith P. Shoaf in 1996 (France, para 12). The theme of the text is religion. It describes the faith and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The

Music and Passion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music and Passion - Essay Example According to (Carducci 311) the type of music an individual listens has a reflex action on the type of personality an individual develops. The unique thing about music is not just the beats and the tempo or the rhythm but the words that a song writer chooses to work with. The words involuntarily change the thoughts of the listener. As a person listens, they take in the meaning of the words and slowly make them part of their lives. In a greater way, one slowly starts to change their world view, their thoughts and eventually change their character. This is seen is where an individual starts to use the words that they heard in a song and this shapes their daily lives. (Carducci 123) says that lyrics of a song can great influence the thoughts of an individual in a subconscious state. Aristotle talked about music and its power to communicate the emotional states of humans as well as their character. According to (Williams 92) Aristotle says that music directly imitates the passions as well as states of the soul. An individual listening to a particular type of music they are likely to absorb the same passion and a long exposure to the music, they develop characters based in the same passions. Based on these understanding, then the music people listens to is contributing too many of issues in the society. If the type of music an individual listens to can shape their characters as well as passions, then it means that these effects will also be seen in human relationships, laws, psychological challenges such as depression as well as anger. People who mainly listen to these types of music tend to show high levels of openness to new experience, high verbal ability as well as emotional stability. These individuals also believe that they are highly intelligent and tolerant. Majority of them can champion liberal social ideals. Majority of them are political conservatives and they also tend to be